Diabetes Information Hub
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What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This means people with Type 1 diabetes can’t produce insulin and need to take it daily. It’s often diagnosed in children and young adults.
On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or the cells become resistant to it. It’s more common in adults and is often linked to lifestyle factors like being overweight, not exercising, and poor diet. However, it’s becoming more prevalent in younger individuals too.
What causes Type 1 diabetes?
The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but it’s believed to be an autoimmune response where the body’s defense system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Genetics and possibly viral infections might play a role.
What causes Type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by lifestyle factors such as being overweight, not getting enough physical activity, and having an unhealthy diet. Genetics also play a role, and it’s more common as people age.
Can Type 2 diabetes turn into Type 1?
No, Type 2 diabetes doesn’t turn into Type 1. They’re distinct conditions with different causes. However, some individuals may develop a form of diabetes that shares characteristics of both, known as Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA).
What is LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults)?
LADA is a type of diabetes that starts in adulthood and progresses more slowly than Type 1. It’s an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells, but the process is gradual. People with LADA might not need insulin immediately and may be misdiagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.
What are the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes?
Common symptoms include:
- Frequent urination
- Excessive thirst
- Extreme tiredness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds
- Frequent infections
What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?
Symptoms can be similar to Type 1 but often develop more slowly. They include:
- Increased thirst and urination
- Fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds
- Frequent infections
How is diabetes diagnosed?
Diabetes is diagnosed through blood tests that measure blood glucose levels. A GP may take a blood sample or use a finger prick test to check for high blood sugar levels.
What is prediabetes and how can it be managed?
Prediabetes means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. It can often be managed or even reversed through lifestyle changes like improving diet, increasing physical activity, and losing weight.
How is Type 1 diabetes treated?
Type 1 diabetes is managed with:
- Insulin therapy (injections or pump)
- Regular blood sugar monitoring
- Healthy eating
- Regular physical activity
How is Type 2 diabetes treated?
Treatment includes:
- Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise)
- Oral medications
- In some cases, insulin therapy
What are the recommended blood sugar levels for people with diabetes?
Ideal blood sugar levels vary, but generally:
- Fasting blood sugar: 4.0–5.4 mmol/L
- 2 hours after meals: less than 8.0 mmol/
It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to determine personal targets.
Can Type 2 diabetes be reversed?
In some cases, Type 2 diabetes can go into remission through significant weight loss, healthy eating, and regular physical activity. However, it doesn’t mean the condition is cured, and ongoing management is necessary.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
DKA is a serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. It can occur if there’s not enough insulin in the body, leading to high blood sugar levels. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fruity-smelling breath. It’s a medical emergency.
What foods should people with diabetes eat or avoid?
It’s recommended to:
- Eat a balanced diet with plenty of vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins
- Limit sugary foods and drinks
- Choose high-fiber foods like oats, lentils, and leafy greens
How does exercise affect blood sugar levels?
Regular physical activity helps improve insulin sensitivity, lowers blood sugar levels, and reduces the risk of complications. It’s important to monitor blood sugar levels before and after exercise.
How can stress impact diabetes management?
Stress can raise blood sugar levels and make it harder to manage diabetes. It’s important to find healthy ways to cope with stress, such as through relaxation techniques, physical activity, or talking to a professional.
How is Type 1 diabetes managed in children?
Management includes:
- Insulin therapy
- Regular blood glucose monitoring
- Healthy eating
- Physical activity
- Support from healthcare professionals and diabetes educators
What are the signs of diabetes in children?
Signs include:
- Increased thirst and urination
- Fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Slow-healing wounds
- Frequent infections
What is gestational diabetes and how is it managed?
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away after birth. It’s managed through:
- Healthy eating
- Regular physical activity
- Monitoring blood sugar levels
- In some cases, insulin therapy
How does diabetes affect menstrual cycles and fertility?
Diabetes can cause irregular menstrual cycles and may affect fertility. Good blood sugar control can help manage these issues.
How does diabetes affect mental health?
Living with diabetes can lead to stress, anxiety, and depression. It’s important to seek support from healthcare providers, support groups, or mental health professionals.
What support is available for people living with diabetes?
Support includes:
- Diabetes education programs
- Support groups
- Online resources
- Counseling services
What are the common complications of diabetes?
Complications can include:
- Heart disease
- Kidney disease
- Nerve damage
- Eye problems
- Foot problems
How can people with diabetes prevent foot problems?
Preventive measures include:
- Regularly checking feet for cuts or sores
- Keeping feet clean and dry
- Wearing comfortable shoes
- Managing blood sugar levels